MIT physicists have discovered a novel magnetic state that could lead to the development of faster, more compact, and energy-efficient spintronic memory chips. This new form of magnetism, called "p-wave magnetism," combines characteristics of two previously known types: ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism.
In ferromagnets, like those found in fridge magnets or compass needles, the spins of electrons are aligned in the same direction, creating a strong magnetic field. Antiferromagnets also involve spinning electrons, but in these materials, adjacent spins point in opposite directions, effectively canceling each other out, resulting in no overall magnetization.
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The MIT team observed p-wave magnetism in a two-dimensional crystalline material known as nickel iodide (NiI₂), which they synthesized in the lab. In this new state, the electron spins form chiral spiral patterns on the nickel atoms. These spirals appear in left- and right-handed mirror-image forms across the material, combining the symmetry of antiferromagnets with the directional preference seen in ferromagnets.
Remarkably, the researchers found that applying a small electric field could switch the spin spirals from one handedness to the other. This ability to control the spin orientation is central to spintronics—a technology that encodes data based on an electron’s spin rather than its charge. This approach could dramatically increase data density and lower power consumption in future devices.
"We demonstrated that this new magnetic state can be electrically manipulated," said Qian Song, a research scientist at MIT’s Materials Research Laboratory. "It opens the door to an entirely new class of fast, compact, low-power, and nonvolatile magnetic memory technologies."
The findings were published on May 28 in Nature. Song collaborated with MIT researchers Connor Occhialini, Batyr Ilyas, Emre Ergeçen, Nuh Gedik, and Riccardo Comin, alongside Rafael Fernandes from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and colleagues from several other institutions.
In ferromagnets, like those found in fridge magnets or compass needles, the spins of electrons are aligned in the same direction, creating a strong magnetic field. Antiferromagnets also involve spinning electrons, but in these materials, adjacent spins point in opposite directions, effectively canceling each other out, resulting in no overall magnetization.
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The MIT team observed p-wave magnetism in a two-dimensional crystalline material known as nickel iodide (NiI₂), which they synthesized in the lab. In this new state, the electron spins form chiral spiral patterns on the nickel atoms. These spirals appear in left- and right-handed mirror-image forms across the material, combining the symmetry of antiferromagnets with the directional preference seen in ferromagnets.
Remarkably, the researchers found that applying a small electric field could switch the spin spirals from one handedness to the other. This ability to control the spin orientation is central to spintronics—a technology that encodes data based on an electron’s spin rather than its charge. This approach could dramatically increase data density and lower power consumption in future devices.
"We demonstrated that this new magnetic state can be electrically manipulated," said Qian Song, a research scientist at MIT’s Materials Research Laboratory. "It opens the door to an entirely new class of fast, compact, low-power, and nonvolatile magnetic memory technologies."
The findings were published on May 28 in Nature. Song collaborated with MIT researchers Connor Occhialini, Batyr Ilyas, Emre Ergeçen, Nuh Gedik, and Riccardo Comin, alongside Rafael Fernandes from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and colleagues from several other institutions.